In osteoporosis a loss of calcium and phosphate salts causes the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily broken. The vertebrae in the spine may compress, causing the back to become bent and resulting in such conditions as kyphosis (round back) or scoliosis (spinal curvature). A deformed spine usually affects other body parts, particularly nearby organs. We're conscious of our complex skeletal infrastructure only when something goes awry. The joints are particularly problem-prone; and the spine, with its many joints, gives us the most trouble of all. The effects of osteoporosis may first be seen in the spine. Low back pain arises in the spine. Even neck pain may have its source in the spine. Indeed, where our bones are concerned, back problems are exceeded only by arthritis as a source of pain and suffering. Inadequate dietary intake of calcium, hormonal changes associated with aging, and an inactive life-style have all been implicated in the development of osteoporosis. Drug use, alcoholism, lactose intolerance, an overactive thyroid, and faulty calcium absorption may also put people at risk. Other risk factors include premature menopause and the absence or abnormal halt of menstrual periods; a petite, thin build; smoking; a caucasian or oriental background; scoliosis; and a fair complexion.
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporotic bones are more susceptible to fracture. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as either a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average) as measured by DXA, or any fragility fracture. While treatment modalities are becoming available (such as the bisphosphonates), prevention is still considered the most important way to reduce fracture. Due to its hormonal component, more women, particularly after menopause, suffer from osteoporosis than men. In addition it may be caused by various hormonal conditions, smoking and medications (specifically glucocorticoids).
